Sample code for the article on OpenCode

opencode/AGENTS.md

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+# Agent Instructions: Dice Project
+
+This document provides essential information for AI agents working on the Dice Project. Follow these guidelines to maintain consistency and ensure high-quality contributions.
+
+## 1. Project Overview
+
+The Dice Project is a lightweight Python CLI tool that simulates rolling one to six dice and displays the results using ASCII art.
+
+- **Primary Language:** Python 3.x
+- **Main Entry Point:** `dice.py`
+- **Architecture:** Procedural script with functional decomposition.
+
+## 2. Build, Run, and Test Commands
+
+### Running the Application
+To run the interactive CLI:
+```bash
+python dice.py
+```
+
+### Testing
+There is currently no formal test suite. When adding tests:
+- **Framework:** Use `pytest` (standard for this project).
+- **Running all tests:** `pytest`
+- **Running a single test file:** `pytest path/to/test_file.py`
+- **Running a specific test:** `pytest path/to/test_file.py::test_function_name`
+
+### Linting and Formatting
+Maintain PEP 8 compliance. Recommended tools:
+- **Linting:** `flake8 dice.py` or `ruff check dice.py`
+- **Formatting:** `black dice.py`
+
+## 3. Code Style Guidelines
+
+### General Principles
+- **Simplicity:** Keep the logic straightforward. Avoid over-engineering for a single-file utility.
+- **Readability:** Prioritize clear, descriptive names over brevity.
+
+### Naming Conventions
+- **Functions:** Use `snake_case` (e.g., `generate_dice_faces_diagram`).
+- **Variables:** Use `snake_case` (e.g., `roll_results`).
+- **Constants:** Use `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE` (e.g., `DICE_ART`, `DIE_HEIGHT`).
+- **Internal Helpers:** Prefix with a single underscore (e.g., `_get_dice_faces`).
+
+### Imports
+- Place standard library imports at the top of the file.
+- Keep them alphabetized within their group.
+- Example:
+  ```python
+  import random
+  import sys
+  ```
+
+### Documentation
+- Use triple-quoted docstrings for all functions.
+- The first line should be a concise summary.
+- Follow with a more detailed explanation if the function's logic or parameters aren't trivial.
+- Example:
+  ```python
+  def roll_dice(num_dice):
+      """Return a list of random integers between 1 and 6."""
+      # implementation
+  ```
+
+### Formatting
+- **Indentation:** 4 spaces.
+- **Line Length:** Max 79-88 characters (standard PEP 8 / Black).
+- **Vertical Spacing:** Two blank lines between top-level functions.
+
+### Error Handling
+- Use `parse_input` to validate user input.
+- For fatal CLI errors, print a user-friendly message and use `raise SystemExit(1)`.
+- Avoid broad `except Exception:` blocks; catch specific exceptions.
+
+## 4. Project Conventions & Architecture
+
+### ASCII Art Management
+- All dice representations are stored in the `DICE_ART` dictionary.
+- Each entry is a tuple of strings representing the rows of the die.
+- Maintain the alignment and character usage (┌, ┐, └, ┘, │, ●) when modifying art.
+
+### Main Execution Block
+- Currently, the script executes its main logic at the bottom of the file.
+- **Refactoring Target:** When modifying `dice.py`, consider wrapping the execution logic in an `if __name__ == "__main__":` block to allow for better testability and modularity.
+
+### Input Validation
+- All user inputs must be stripped and validated against expected values before processing.
+- The `parse_input` function is the gatekeeper for valid dice counts.
+
+## 5. External Rules
+
+- **Cursor Rules:** No specific `.cursorrules` or `.cursor/rules/` detected.
+- **Copilot Instructions:** No `.github/copilot-instructions.md` detected.
+- **Standard Guidelines:** Default to standard Python best practices (PEP 8, PEP 257).
+
+## 6. Task-Specific Instructions
+
+### When Adding Features
+1.  **Check for side effects:** Ensure changes to `DICE_ART` don't break `generate_dice_faces_diagram`.
+2.  **Maintain ASCII alignment:** Use `DIE_HEIGHT` and `DIE_WIDTH` constants to ensure the diagram remains rectangular.
+3.  **Self-Verification:** After making changes, run `python dice.py` and test with various inputs (1, 6, and invalid strings) to ensure the CLI still behaves as expected.
+
+### When Refactoring
+- Ensure that helper functions remain "private" (prefixed with `_`) if they are not intended for external use.
+- Maintain the docstring style and clarity.
+
+## Python Guidelines
+
+- Follow PEP 8 style conventions
+- Add type hints to all new and modified functions
+- Prefer specific exception types over bare `except` clauses
+- Use context managers for file I/O and database connections
+- Write descriptive error messages that include the offending value
+
+---
+*Note: This file is intended for AI agents. If you are a human, feel free to update these guidelines as the project evolves.*

opencode/README.md

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+# How to Use OpenCode for AI-Assisted Python Coding
+
+This folder provides the code examples for the Real Python tutorial [How to Use OpenCode for AI-Assisted Python Coding](https://realpython.com/opencode-guide/).

opencode/dice_improved.py

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+"""Simulate a six-sided dice roll.
+
+Usage:
+
+    $ python dice.py
+    How many dice do you want to roll? [1-6] 5
+
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ RESULTS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐ ┌─────────┐
+│  ●   ●  │ │  ●      │ │  ●   ●  │ │  ●   ●  │ │         │
+│    ●    │ │         │ │    ●    │ │    ●    │ │    ●    │
+│  ●   ●  │ │      ●  │ │  ●   ●  │ │  ●   ●  │ │         │
+└─────────┘ └─────────┘ └─────────┘ └─────────┘ └─────────┘
+"""
+
+import random
+from typing import List, Tuple
+
+# Constants
+MIN_DICE = 1
+MAX_DICE = 6
+
+DICE_ART = {
+    1: (
+        "┌─────────┐",
+        "│         │",
+        "│    ●    │",
+        "│         │",
+        "└─────────┘",
+    ),
+    2: (
+        "┌─────────┐",
+        "│  ●      │",
+        "│         │",
+        "│      ●  │",
+        "└─────────┘",
+    ),
+    3: (
+        "┌─────────┐",
+        "│  ●      │",
+        "│    ●    │",
+        "│      ●  │",
+        "└─────────┘",
+    ),
+    4: (
+        "┌─────────┐",
+        "│  ●   ●  │",
+        "│         │",
+        "│  ●   ●  │",
+        "└─────────┘",
+    ),
+    5: (
+        "┌─────────┐",
+        "│  ●   ●  │",
+        "│    ●    │",
+        "│  ●   ●  │",
+        "└─────────┘",
+    ),
+    6: (
+        "┌─────────┐",
+        "│  ●   ●  │",
+        "│  ●   ●  │",
+        "│  ●   ●  │",
+        "└─────────┘",
+    ),
+}
+DIE_HEIGHT = len(DICE_ART[1])
+DIE_WIDTH = len(DICE_ART[1][0])
+DIE_FACE_SEPARATOR = " "
+
+
+def parse_input(input_string: str) -> int:
+    """Validate input string and return as an integer.
+
+    Check if `input_string` is an integer number between MIN_DICE and MAX_DICE.
+    If so, return the integer value. Otherwise, raise a ValueError.
+    """
+    try:
+        val = int(input_string.strip())
+        if MIN_DICE <= val <= MAX_DICE:
+            return val
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+
+    raise ValueError(f"Please enter a number from {MIN_DICE} to {MAX_DICE}.")
+
+
+def roll_dice(num_dice: int) -> List[int]:
+    """Return a list of random integers between 1 and 6 with length `num_dice`.
+
+    Args:
+        num_dice: The number of dice to roll.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of random integers.
+    """
+    roll_results = []
+    for _ in range(num_dice):
+        roll = random.randint(1, 6)
+        roll_results.append(roll)
+    return roll_results
+
+
+def generate_dice_faces_diagram(dice_values: List[int]) -> str:
+    """Return an ASCII diagram of dice faces from `dice_values`.
+
+    The string returned contains an ASCII representation of each die.
+
+    Args:
+        dice_values: A list of integers representing the rolled values.
+
+    Returns:
+        A formatted string with the ASCII diagram.
+    """
+    dice_faces = _get_dice_faces(dice_values)
+    dice_faces_rows = _generate_dice_faces_rows(dice_faces)
+
+    # Generate header with the word "RESULTS" centered
+    width = len(dice_faces_rows[0])
+    diagram_header = " RESULTS ".center(width, "~")
+
+    dice_faces_diagram = "\n".join([diagram_header] + dice_faces_rows)
+    return dice_faces_diagram
+
+
+def _get_dice_faces(dice_values: List[int]) -> List[Tuple[str, ...]]:
+    """Retrieve ASCII art representations for given dice values.
+
+    Args:
+        dice_values: A list of integers representing the rolled values.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of tuples, where each tuple is the ASCII art for a die.
+    """
+    dice_faces = []
+    for value in dice_values:
+        dice_faces.append(DICE_ART[value])
+    return dice_faces
+
+
+def _generate_dice_faces_rows(dice_faces: List[Tuple[str, ...]]) -> List[str]:
+    """Combine dice face tuples into horizontal rows of strings.
+
+    Args:
+        dice_faces: A list of tuples, where each tuple is the ASCII art for a
+        die.
+
+    Returns:
+        A list of strings, each representing a horizontal row of the dice
+        diagram.
+    """
+    dice_faces_rows = []
+    for row_idx in range(DIE_HEIGHT):
+        row_components = []
+        for die in dice_faces:
+            row_components.append(die[row_idx])
+        row_string = DIE_FACE_SEPARATOR.join(row_components)
+        dice_faces_rows.append(row_string)
+    return dice_faces_rows
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    """Main entry point for the Dice CLI application."""
+    while True:
+        num_dice_input = input(
+            f"How many dice do you want to roll? [{MIN_DICE}-{MAX_DICE}] "
+        )
+        try:
+            num_dice = parse_input(num_dice_input)
+            break
+        except ValueError as e:
+            print(e)
+
+    roll_results = roll_dice(num_dice)
+    dice_face_diagram = generate_dice_faces_diagram(roll_results)
+    print(f"\n{dice_face_diagram}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()